Newline (frequently called line ending, end of line (EOL), line feed, or line break) is a control character or sequence of control characters in a character encoding specification (e.g. ASCII or EBCDIC) that is used to signify the end of a line of text and the start of a new one. When these are clipped or soldered onto the 68000 processor, a 32 MHz 68030 processor can be used, and up to 16 MB RAM. This allows it to run Mac OS 7.6.1. There is a program available called Mini vMac that can emulate a Mac Plus on a variety of platforms, including Unix, Windows, DOS, classic Mac OS, macOS, Pocket PC, iOS and even Nintendo DS.

  1. Byte Chaser Mac Os Catalina
  2. Mac Os Versions
  3. Mac Os Download

Apple Partition Map (APM) is a partition scheme used to define the low-level organization of data on disks formatted for use with 68k and PowerPCMacintosh computers. It was introduced with the Macintosh II.[1]

Disks using the Apple Partition Map are divided into logical blocks, with 512 bytes usually belonging to each block. The first block, Block 0, contains an Apple-specific data structure called “Driver Descriptor Map” for the Macintosh Toolbox ROM to load driver updates and patches before loading from a MFS or HFS partition.[2] Because APM allows 32 bits worth of logical blocks, the historical size of an APM formatted disk using small blocks[3] is limited to 2 TiB.[4]

The Apple Partition Map maps out all space used (including the map) and unused (free space) on disk, unlike the minimal x86 master boot record that only accounts for used non-map partitions. This means that every block on the disk (with the exception of the first block, Block 0) belongs to a partition.

Some hybrid disks contain both an ISO 9660 primary volume descriptor and an Apple Partition Map, thus allowing the disc to work on different types of computers, including Apple systems.

Intel-based Macs[edit]

For accessing volumes, both APM and GUID partitions can be used in a standard manner with Mac OS X Tiger (10.4) and higher. For starting an operating system, PowerPC-based systems can only boot from APM disks[5] whereas Intel-based systems generally boot from GUID disks.[1][6][7] Nevertheless, Intel-based Macs are able to boot from APM, GPT (GUID Partition Table) and MBR (Master Boot Record, using the BIOS-Emulation called EFI-CSM i.e. the Compatibility Support Module provided by EFI).

Intel-based models that came with Mac OS X Tiger (10.4) or Leopard (10.5) preinstalled had to be able to boot from both APM and GUID disks due to the installation media for these universal versions of Mac OS X, which are APM partitioned in order to remain compatible with PowerPC-based systems.[8] However, the installation of OS X on an Intel-based Mac demands a GUID partitioned disk or will refuse to continue, the same way installation on a PowerPC-based system will demand an APM partitioned destination volume. Cloning an already installed OS X to an APM partition on Intel systems will remain bootable even on 2011 Intel-based Macs. Despite this apparent APM support, Apple never officially supported booting from an internal APM disk on an Intel-based system. The one exception for a universal version of Mac OS X (Tiger or Leopard) is an official Apple document describing how to set up a dual bootable external APM disk for use with PowerPC and Intel.[9]

Layout[edit]

Each entry of the partition table is the size of one data block, which is normally 512 bytes.[1][10] Each partition entry on the table is the size of one block or sector of data. Because the partition table itself is also a partition, the size of this first partition limits the number of entries to the partition table itself.

The normal case is that 64 sectors (64 × 512 = 32 KB) are used by the Apple Partition Map: one block for the Driver Descriptor Map as Block 0, one block for the partition table itself and 62 blocks for a maximum of 62 data partitions.[11]

Each partition entry includes the starting sector and the size, but also a name, a type, a position of the data area and possible boot code. It also includes the total number of partitions in that partition table.[12] This ensures that, after reading the first partition table entry, the firmware is aware of how many blocks more to read from the media in order to have processed every partition table entry. All entries are in big-endian byte-order.[citation needed]

AddressSize
in bytes
ContentsRequired?
DecimalHex
00x00001signature1 (ASCII value 'P')No
10x00011signature2 (ASCII value 'M')No
2–30x00022reservedNo
4–70x00044number of partitions (total)Yes
8–110x00084starting sector of partitionYes
12–150x000C4size of partition (in sectors)Yes
16–470x001032name of partition (fixed ASCII right-side NULL padded)No
48–790x003032type of partition (fixed ASCII right-side NULL padded)No
80–830x00504starting sector of data area in partitionNo
84–870x00544size of data area in partition (in sectors)No
88–910x00584status of partitionNo
92–950x005C4starting sector of boot codeNo
96–990x00604size of boot code (in bytes)No
100–1030x00644address of bootloader codeNo
104–1070x00684reservedNo
108–1110x006C4boot code entry pointNo
112–1150x00704reservedNo
116–1190x00744boot code checksumNo
120–1350x007816processor type (fixed ASCII right-side NULL padded)No
136–5110x0088376reservedNo

Partition identifiers[edit]

Types beginning with 'Apple_' are reserved for assignment by Apple, all other custom defined types are free to use. However registrationwith Apple is encouraged.

Identifier / typeContents / file systemName (typical)Remarks
Apple_BootbootloaderMOSX_OF3_Booter, eXternal booterThis boot partition is used by Mac OS X on New World Macs (Open Firmware 3.0 and greater) when the file system on the main partition is not supported by Open Firmware, like in a software RAID configuration or when using a HFS+ case-sensitive or a UFS file system. It contains BootX on an HFS filesystem.
Apple_Boot_RAIDbootloaderRaid Partition
Apple_BootstrapNewWorld bootblockAlthough it is a general Open Firmware (New World) boot partition, it is specifically used by yaboot. It must be HFS formatted, so that it can be accessed by Open Firmware.
Apple_Driverdevice driverMacintoshMac OS classic drivers partition
Apple_Driver43SCSI Manager 4.3 device driverMacintoshMac OS classic drivers partition
Apple_Driver43_CDMacintoshMac OS classic drivers partition
Apple_Driver_ATAMacintoshMac OS classic drivers partition
Apple_Driver_ATAPIMacintoshMac OS classic drivers partition
Apple_Driver_IOKitI/O Kit driverMacintoshMac OS classic drivers partition
Apple_Driver_OpenFirmwareMacintosh
Apple_ExtraunusedThis identifier masks an unused partition map entry.
Apple_Freefree spaceExtraThis identifier masks free space as a partition map entry.
Apple_FWDriverMacintoshMac OS classic drivers partition
Apple_HFSHierarchical File SystemApple_HFSWhile normally a HFS or HFS+ volume for Mac OS and Mac OS X, it can also contain an MS-DOS formatted file system (File Allocation Table, which can be accessed by Mac OS and Mac OS X).
Apple_HFSXHFS PlusThis partition contains a HFS+ volume without a HFS wrapper. HFSX was introduced with Mac OS X 10.3 and is only used in special cases, like case sensitive HFS+. HFSX is the standard partition type on Intel-based Macs (which use GUID instead of APM).
Apple_LoaderSecondaryLoaderLike Apple_Boot but on Old World Macs, it is used when Mac OS X is installed on a file system not readable by Open Firmware. This partition does not contain a filesystem—instead it contains the BootXmachine code in XCOFF format. This partition type was discontinued with Mac OS X 10.3.
Apple_MDFWfirmwarefirmwareThis partition is used by iPod to load the firmware/OS.
Apple_MFSMacintosh File SystemThis partition is used by Mac OS for the Macintosh File System (MFS), which was introduced with the Macintosh 128K in 1984.
Apple_partition_mappartition mapAppleThe partition map is also a partition of its own. It can vary in size depending on how many partitions it may contain.
Apple_PatchespatchesPatch PartitionMac OS classic patch partition
Apple_PRODOSProDOSProDOS file system
Apple_RAIDRAIDApple_RAID_OfflineV2This identifier marks a Mac OS X partition used in a software RAID configuration. It normally contains the same filesystems a regular Mac OS X installation would have, like HFS/HFS+ or UFS. The separate boot partition Apple_Boot is mandatory.
Apple_Rhapsody_UFSUnix File SystemMac OS X ServerThis partition contains a Unix File System (UFS) used by the Apple Rhapsody operating system (a development name marking the transition from OPENSTEP to Mac OS X) and is also used by Mac OS X Server 1.0 through 1.2 v3.
Apple_ScratchemptyThis identifier marks an empty partition.
Apple_SecondSecond stage bootloader
Apple_UFSUnix File SystemMac OS XThis partition contains a Unix File System (UFS) and is used by Mac OS X, Mac OS X Server (Version 10.0 and newer) and various Unix-like operating systems.
Apple_UNIX_SVR2A/UX, UnixOriginally introduced for A/UX (Apple Unix operating system based on System V Release 2, hence SVR2) on the 68k, it was later reused for MkLinux which used the Extended file system. It is the standard partition identifier for many Unix-like operating systems, including Linux and NetBSD. It may contain any file system suitable for the installed operating system. If bootable, a file system that can be read by the Open Firmware bootloader from Apple_Bootstrap (e.g. yaboot) must be used.
Apple_VoidA dummy partition map entry to ensure correct partition alignment on bootable media.
Be_BFSBe File SystemThis partition contains a Be File System (BFS) and is normally used by BeOS.
MFSTiVo Media File SystemMFS application region, MFS media regionUsed to hold the proprietary Media File System on TiVo hard drives formatted using Apple Partition Map.

Partition status[edit]

Partition status is a bit field composed of the flags:

ValueDescriptionSystem
0x00000001entry is validA/UX
0x00000002entry is allocatedA/UX
0x00000004entry in useA/UX
0x00000008entry contains boot informationA/UX
0x00000010partition is readableA/UX
0x00000020partition is writableA/UX, Macintosh
0x00000040boot code is position independentA/UX
0x00000100partition contains chain-compatible driverMacintosh
0x00000200partition contains a real driverMacintosh
0x00000400partition contains a chain driverMacintosh
0x40000000automatically mount at startupMacintosh
0x80000000the startup partitionMacintosh

See also[edit]

  • Amiga rigid disk block (RDB)
  • Extended boot record (EBR)
  • GUID Partition Table (GPT)
  • Host protected area (HPA)
  • Master boot record (MBR)

References[edit]

  1. ^ abc'Technical Note TN2166 – Secrets of the GPT'. Apple. Retrieved 2013-02-24. …a standard block size of 512 bytes… […] Apple did consider extending APM to support larger disks. However, as such a change would break all existing partitioning tools…CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  2. ^Mac OS: Technical overview of disk volume structures
  3. ^Apple Support Communities: Guid Partition or Apple Partition? (2012)
  4. ^MacTech Magazine: Apple's Transition from Apple Partition Map to the GUID Partition Table by Criss Myers
  5. ^Apple Mailing List: Subject: Re: Apple Partition Scheme or GUID Partition SchemeArchived 2009-04-06 at the Wayback Machine, Timothy Standing, 2006-04-30
  6. ^Apple Support Communities: Create a bootable clone using Disk Utility (2014): an example of problems trying to boot on an Intel Mac using an APM partitioned drive.
  7. ^Apple Support Communities: Running Mavericks + FCPX on External Boot Drive? (2014): OS X Mavericks does not boot from APM partitioned drives.
  8. ^OWC: Booting your Intel Mac to an APM-formatted drive, M. Christopher Stevens
  9. ^Mac OS X 10.5: Creating and maintaining a bootable 'universal' external disk
  10. ^Rebe, René; Klaus, Susanne (2007). 'Creating custom Linux solutions – Apple Partition Map'. T2 System Development Environment. While the original intent was to handle various block sizes, in practice only 512 byte blocks are supported.
  11. ^'Yellow Dog Solutions – Attaching Firewire Disks to a Linux Box'. Fixstars Corporation. Archived from the original on 2009-10-13. Retrieved 2013-02-24. Comment: The command pdisk -l /dev/sda shows a size of 63 blocks for the Apple_partition_map. There is a multitude of examples like this to be found on the internet.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  12. ^'IOApplePartitionScheme.h'. Apple. 2009. Retrieved 2016-08-07.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)

External links[edit]

  • Mac OS: Technical overview of disk volume structures Overview of the elements of a disk volume / partition
  • File System Forensic Analysis: PC-based Partitions – Apple partitions Detailed technical analysis of the structure of Apple's partition map.
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Partition_Map&oldid=972117110'
Macintosh Plus
Macintosh Plus at the Museo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología in Spain
Also known asM0001A
ManufacturerApple Computer, Inc.
Product familyCompact Macintosh
Release dateJanuary 16, 1986; 35 years ago
Introductory priceUS$2,599 (equivalent to $6,060 in 2019)
DiscontinuedOctober 15, 1990
Operating systemSystem 3.0 - 7.5.5 (except 7.5.2)
CPUMotorola 68000 @ 8 MHz
Memory1 MB RAM, expandable to 4 MB (150 ns 30-pin SIMM)
Display9 in (23 cm) monochrome, 512 × 342
Graphics72 ppi
DimensionsHeight: 13.6 in (35 cm)
Width: 9.6 in (24 cm)
Depth: 10.9 in (28 cm)
Mass16.5 lb (7.5 kg)
PredecessorMacintosh 512K
Macintosh XL
SuccessorMacintosh SE
Macintosh Classic

Byte Chaser Mac Os Catalina

The Macintosh Plus computer is the third model in the Macintosh line, introduced on January 16, 1986, two years after the original Macintosh and a little more than a year after the Macintosh 512K, with a price tag of US$2599.[1] As an evolutionary improvement over the 512K, it shipped with 1 MB of RAM standard, expandable to 4 MB, and an external SCSI peripheral bus, among smaller improvements. Originally, the computer's case was the same beige color as the original Macintosh, Pantone 453,[2] however in 1987, the case color was changed to the long-lived, warm gray 'Platinum' color.[3] It is the earliest Macintosh model able to run System 7.

Overview[edit]

Bruce Webster of BYTE reported a rumor in December 1985: 'Supposedly, Apple will be releasing a Big Mac by the time this column sees print: said Mac will reportedly come with 1 megabyte of RAM ... the new 128K-byte ROM ... and a double-sided (800K bytes) disk drive, all in the standard Mac box'.[4] Introduced as the Macintosh Plus, it was the first Macintosh model to include a SCSI port, which launched the popularity of external SCSI devices for Macs, including hard disks, tape drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, Zip Drives, and even monitors.[5] The SCSI implementation of the Plus was engineered shortly before the initial SCSI spec was finalized and, as such, is not 100% SCSI-compliant. SCSI ports remained standard equipment for all Macs until the introduction of the iMac in 1998.

The Macintosh Plus was the last classic Mac to have a phone cord-like port on the front of the unit for the keyboard, as well as the DE-9 connector for the mouse; models released after the Macintosh Plus would use ADB ports.

The Mac Plus was the first Apple computer to utilize user-upgradable SIMM memory modules instead of single DIP DRAM chips. Four SIMM slots were provided and the computer shipped with four 256K SIMMs, for 1MB total RAM. By replacing them with 1MB SIMMs, it was possible to have 4MB of RAM. (Although 30-pin SIMMs could support up to 16MB total RAM, the Mac Plus motherboard had only 22 address lines connected, for a 4MB maximum.)

It has what was then a new 3+12-inch double-sided 800 KB floppy drive, offering double the capacity of floppy disks from previous Macs, along with backward compatibility. The then-new drive is controlled by the same IWM chip as in previous models, implementing variable speedGCR. The drive was still completely incompatible with PC drives. The 800 KB drive has two read/write heads, enabling it to simultaneously use both sides of the floppy disk and thereby double storage capacity. Like the 400 KB drive before it, a companion Macintosh 800K External Drive was an available option. However, with the increased disk storage capacity combined with 2-4x the available RAM, the external drive was less of a necessity than it had been with the 128K and 512K.

The Mac Plus has 128 KB of ROM on the motherboard, which is double the amount of ROM in previous Macs; the ROMs included software to support SCSI, the then-new 800 KB floppy drive, and the Hierarchical File System (HFS), which uses a true directory structure on disks (as opposed to the earlier MFS, Macintosh File System in which all files were stored in a single directory, with one level of pseudo-folders overlaid on them). For programmers, the fourth Inside Macintosh volume details how to use HFS and the rest of the Mac Plus's new system software. The Plus still did not include provision for an internal hard drive and it would be over nine months before Apple would offer a SCSI drive replacement for the slow Hard Disk 20. It would be well over a year before Apple would offer the first internal hard disk drive in any Macintosh.

A compact Mac, the Plus has a 9-inch (23 cm) 512 × 342 pixel monochrome display with a resolution of 72 PPI, identical to that of previous Macintosh models.[6] Unlike earlier Macs, the Mac Plus's keyboard includes a numeric keypad and directional arrow keys and, as with previous Macs, it has a one-button mouse and no fan, making it extremely quiet in operation. The lack of a cooling fan in the Mac Plus led to frequent problems with overheating and hardware malfunctions.

The applications MacPaint and MacWrite were bundled with the Mac Plus. After August 1987, HyperCard and MultiFinder were also bundled. Third-party software applications available included MacDraw, Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint, as well as Aldus PageMaker. Microsoft Excel and PowerPoint (originally by Forethought) were actually developed and released first for the Macintosh, and similarly Microsoft Word 1 for Macintosh was the first time a GUI version of that software was introduced on any personal computer platform. For a time, the exclusive availability of Excel and PageMaker on the Macintosh were noticeable drivers of sales for the platform.

The Apple Macintosh Plus at the Design Museum in Gothenburg, Sweden

The case design is essentially identical to the original Macintosh. It debuted in beige and was labeled Macintosh Plus on the front, but Macintosh Plus 1 MB on the back, to denote the 1 MB RAM configuration with which it shipped. In January 1987 it transitioned to Apple's long-lived platinum-gray color with the rest of the Apple product line, and the keyboard's keycaps changed from brown to gray. In January 1988, with reduced RAM prices, Apple began shipping 2- and 4- MB configurations and rebranded it simply as 'Macintosh Plus.' Among other design changes, it included the same trademarked inlaid Apple logo and recessed port icons as the Apple IIc and IIGS before it, but it essentially retained the original design.

Inside a Macintosh Plus; the cathode-ray tube and its associated circuitry on its right side take up a considerable amount of interior space.

An upgrade kit was offered for the earlier Macintosh 128K and Macintosh 512K/enhanced, which includes a new motherboard, floppy disk drive and rear case. The owner retained the front case, monitor and analog board. Because of this, there is no 'Macintosh Plus' on the front of upgraded units, and the Apple logo is recessed and in the bottom left hand corner of the front case. However, the label on the back of the case reads 'Macintosh Plus 1MB'. The new extended Plus keyboard could also be purchased. Unfortunately, this upgrade cost almost as much as a new machine.

Byte

The Mac Plus itself can be upgraded further with the use of third-party accelerators. When these are clipped or soldered onto the 68000 processor, a 32 MHz 68030 processor can be used, and up to 16 MB RAM. This allows it to run Mac OS 7.6.1.[7]

There is a program available called Mini vMac that can emulate a Mac Plus on a variety of platforms, including Unix, Windows, DOS, classic Mac OS, macOS, Pocket PC, iOS and even Nintendo DS.

Long production life[edit]

The 'ED' at the end of the model name indicates that this Macintosh was sold to the educational market.

Although the Macintosh Plus would become overshadowed by two new Macintoshes, the Macintosh SE and the Macintosh II in March 1987, it remained in production as a cheaper alternative until the introduction of the Macintosh Classic on October 15, 1990. This made the Macintosh Plus the longest-produced Macintosh ever, having been on sale unchanged for 1,734 days, until the 2nd generation Mac Pro, introduced on December 19, 2013, surpassed the record on September 18, 2018. (it would ultimately last for 2,182 days before being discontinued on December 10, 2019) (Second to the Mid 2012 13 inch (unibody) Macbook Pro that has been on sale from June,11,2012 to October,27,2016 spanning 4 years, 4 months, and 16 days this macbooks holds the title of the longest-produced MacBook Pro ever) It continued to be supported by versions of the classic Mac OS up to version 7.5.5, released in 1996. Additionally, during its period of general market relevance, it was heavily discounted like the 512K/512Ke before it and offered to the educational market badged as the 'Macintosh Plus ED'.[8] Due to its popularity, long life and its introduction of many features that would become mainstays of the Macintosh platform for years, the Plus was a common 'base model' for many software and hardware products.

Problems[edit]

The lack of fan could cause the life of a Macintosh Plus to end early for some users. As the power supply would heat up, solder joints inside it would fracture causing many problems, such as loss of deflection in the monitor or a complete loss of power. As in most early compact Macs, the problem was common in the yoke connector, flyback transformer, and horizontal drive coupling capacitor.[9] A fan was also often added to reduce heat when the machine was upgraded to its full RAM capacity of 4 MB.[10]

Mac Os Versions

From the debut of the Macintosh 128K through the Macintosh Plus, various third-party cooling add-ons were available to help increase airflow through the unit. Apple reorganized the compact Macintosh case to accommodate a fan with the release of the Macintosh SE, which optionally included a heat-generating internal hard disk.

ROM revisions[edit]

The Plus went through two ROM revisions during its general market relevance. The initial ROM was replaced after the first two months as it had a serious bug which prevented the Mac from booting if an external SCSI device was powered off. The second revision fixed a problem with some SCSI devices that could send the Mac into an endless reset at POST.[11]

Emulators[edit]

Timeline of compact Macintosh models

References[edit]

  1. ^'The 25 Greatest PCs of All Time'. PCWorld. August 11, 2006. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  2. ^'History of computer design: Apple Macintosh'. Landsnail.com. May 17, 1998. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  3. ^'History of computer design: Macintosh Plus'. Landsnail.com. May 17, 1998. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  4. ^Webster, Bruce (December 1985). 'Microcomputer Color Graphics-Observations'. BYTE. p. 405. Retrieved October 28, 2013.
  5. ^Knight, Dan. 'ScuzzyGraph and ScuzzyGraph II'. Low End Mac. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
  6. ^'Macintosh Plus: Technical Specifications'. Apple.
  7. ^'Mac Plus'. Low End Mac. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  8. ^[1]
  9. ^'Classic Mac Repair Notes'(PDF). 68kmla.org. Archived from the original(PDF) on June 6, 2014. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
  10. ^Still Useful after All These Years -- The Mac Plus
  11. ^'Technical Notes'. Developer.apple.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2004. Retrieved May 20, 2016.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Macintosh Plus.

Mac Os Download

Byte
  • Macintosh Plus technical specifications at apple.com
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Macintosh_Plus&oldid=1019150753'